Agujeros Negros: La gravedad más extrema del universo
Hoy en Ciencia Universal hablaremos sobre agujeros negros. Seguro que has oído hablar de ellos y tienes curiosidad en saber un poco más sobre qué son y qué ocurre en ellos. ¡Vamos a ello!
Conocerás al famoso y prestigioso astrofísico Stephen Hawking, ¿verdad? Él fue el primero en acuñar y popularizar el nombre de “agujero negro” en su libro titulado “La historia del tiempo: Del Big Bang a los agujeros negros“.
En este libro expone que cuando la energía interna de una estrella gigante se acaba completamente, la gran masa de la estrella se somete a la propia fuerza gravitatoria, contrayéndose esta masa en un volumen ínfimo con una densidad muy elevada, formándose así un agujero negro.
Aunque no todas las estrellas se convertirán en agujeros negros; para ello la masa de la estrella debe ser mínimo 2,8 veces la masa del Sol. Si tiene entre 2,8 y 12 masas solares, se les denomina agujero negro estelar. Estos tienen un tamaño de escasos kilómetros de diámetro, pero que no te engañen, son los más atroces. Y los más grandes: los agujeros negros supermasivos, de millones de kilómetros de diámetro. Sin ir más lejos, en el centro de nuestra galaxia, La Vía Láctea, a 25.640 años luz se encuentra Sagitario A*, considerado un agujero negro supermasivo con un diámetro de 44 millones de kilómetros.
Pero, ¿por qué negro? ¿Y por qué agujero?
Un agujero negro es una región del espacio con una concentración de masa muy elevada, lo cual genera un campo de gravedad de tal magnitud que hasta la luz no puede escapar de su fuerza de atracción. De ahí el hecho de llamarlos “negros”; y junto con el resto de materia absorbida que se mueve a velocidades muy inferiores a las de la luz, cualquier cosa que se acerque lo suficiente será engullida por él, como si fuera un “agujero” del que no se pudiera escapar.
¿Cómo transcurre el tiempo en los agujeros negros?
Para dar respuesta a esta pregunta debemos tener en cuenta la deformación del espacio-tiempo que se produce en el agujero negro, esto provoca que el tiempo transcurra más lento cerca del agujero negro, por tanto, a menor distancia de él, más lentamente pasa el tiempo.
Un ejemplo que se puede aplicar para mostrarlo (en el caso de que las condiciones de observación lo permitieran) es el siguiente: un observador externo ve como una nave espacial cae al agujero negro,de forma que la vería desplazarse cada vez más despacio; entre tanto, desde la nave, los movimientos en el espacio lejano del agujero parecerían más rápidos de lo habitual. En el caso imposible de sobrevivir al paso por los alrededores de un agujero negro, cada minuto de las personas a bordo de la nave sería un año para el observador externo. O incluso un siglo, todo dependería de la cercanía al centro del agujero negro.
Lo que está claro es que no se sabe exactamente lo que hay dentro de un agujero negro. Las condiciones físicas son tan extremas de la física habitual que se desconoce el mero hecho de lo que ocurre a ciencia cierta en el interior de un agujero negro. Hay que entregarse a lo que dicta la física cuántica. Dichos modelos nos hablan de que existe una frontera en cada agujero negro, llamada horizonte de sucesos, donde limita la distancia a la cual un objeto puede acercarse sin ser absorbido, ya que la velocidad de escape (velocidad mínima que tiene que adquirir un objeto para escapar de la atracción gravitatoria) supera la velocidad de la luz, límite de velocidad con el cual un objeto puede moverse a través del espacio.
Según los modelos actuales, el centro del agujero negro se comporta como lo que se denomina singularidad, dentro de la cual el espacio deja de existir, el tiempo se para. La singularidad es el final inevitable de todo lo que cruza el horizonte de sucesos.
¿Agujeros negros o Agujeros de Gusano?
A lo largo de los últimos años, se ha especulado con la posibilidad de que la distorsión que provocan estos agujeros negros los convierta en “corredores” que unen regiones distantes del universo. A estas conexiones entre puntos separados del cosmos o, por qué no, conexiones entre dos universos diferentes, es a lo que denominamos agujeros de gusano y constituyen una muestra del gran potencial especulativo que estos elementos brindan a la imaginación de la ciencia.
Así pues, podríamos hablar de la ambidiosidad de los agujeros negros, desde el modo en que distorsionan el espacio y el tiempo hasta las paradojas científicas que llegan a plantear, cuyas soluciones hipotéticas podrían abrirnos paso a otros universos.
¡Gracias!
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